buck-boost Converter

Boost Converter

Ćuk Converter

Components:Five LEDs,Five current-limiting resistors with a resistance of 220 ohms (R1-R5).UNO board and wires. Circuit connectionConnect the anodes of the five LEDs to pins D2-D6 on the UNO board, and connect the cathodes through the current-limiting resistors to the GND on the UNO board. Conclusion This simple project demonstrates LED control with Arduino, offering a visua and can be expanded for more complex lighting sequences.

5-LED Chasing Light Circuit Documentation

Buck Converter

#include &lt;LiquidCrystal.h&gt; // Initialize LCD1602LiquidCrystal lcd(7, 6, 5, 4, 3, 2); // Define pinsconst int trigPin = 9;const int echoPin = 10;const int ledPin = 8; void setup() {&nbsp;// Initialize serial communication&nbsp;Serial.begin(9600);&nbsp;// Initialize LCD1602&nbsp;lcd.begin(16, 2);&nbsp;// Set TRIG and ECHO pins as output and input&nbsp;pinMode(trigPin, OUTPUT);&nbsp;pinMode(echoPin, INPUT);&nbsp;pinMode(ledPin, OUTPUT);} void loop() {&nbsp;// Clear LCD display&nbsp;lcd.clear();&nbsp;&nbsp;// Send a 10us pulse to the TRIG pin&nbsp;digitalWrite(trigPin, LOW);&nbsp;delayMicroseconds(2);&nbsp;digitalWrite(trigPin, HIGH);&nbsp;delayMicroseconds(10);&nbsp;digitalWrite(trigPin, LOW);&nbsp;&nbsp;// Read the pulse time from the ECHO pin&nbsp;long duration = pulseIn(echoPin, HIGH);&nbsp;&nbsp;// Calculate the distance&nbsp;float distance = (duration / 2) * 0.0343;&nbsp;&nbsp;// Display the distance&nbsp;lcd.print("Dist:");&nbsp;lcd.print(distance);&nbsp;lcd.print(" cm");&nbsp;&nbsp;// Control the LED&nbsp;if (distance &lt; 50) {&nbsp;&nbsp;digitalWrite(ledPin, HIGH);&nbsp;} else {&nbsp;&nbsp;digitalWrite(ledPin, LOW);&nbsp;}&nbsp;&nbsp;// If the distance is greater than 200cm, do not display&nbsp;if (distance &gt; 200) {&nbsp;&nbsp;lcd.clear();&nbsp;}&nbsp;&nbsp;// Delay&nbsp;delay(500);}

SR04 Ultrasonic Distance Alarm

#include &lt;LiquidCrystal.h&gt; // Initialize the LCD library, setting the Arduino pins connected to the LCDLiquidCrystal lcd(12, 11, 5, 4, 3, 2); // Define the pins for the buttons and logic gate outputsconst int button1 = 7;const int button2 = 8;const int andOutput = 9;const int notOutput = 10; void setup() {&nbsp; // Set the number of columns and rows for the LCD&nbsp; lcd.begin(16, 2);&nbsp; // Initialize the pin modes&nbsp; pinMode(button1, INPUT_PULLUP);&nbsp; pinMode(button2, INPUT_PULLUP);&nbsp; pinMode(andOutput, INPUT);&nbsp; pinMode(notOutput, INPUT);&nbsp; // Display the welcome message&nbsp; lcd.print("Logic Gate Test");} void loop() {&nbsp; // Read the state of the buttons&nbsp; int stateButton1 = digitalRead(button1);&nbsp; int stateButton2 = digitalRead(button2);&nbsp; &nbsp; // Calculate the AND gate output&nbsp; int andState = stateButton1 &amp; stateButton2;&nbsp; digitalWrite(andOutput, andState);&nbsp; &nbsp; // Calculate the NOT gate output&nbsp; int notState = !andState;&nbsp; digitalWrite(notOutput, notState);&nbsp; &nbsp; // Display the results&nbsp; lcd.setCursor(0, 1);&nbsp; lcd.print("AND: ");&nbsp; lcd.print(andState);&nbsp; lcd.print(" NOT: ");&nbsp; lcd.print(notState);&nbsp; &nbsp; // Delay for a while to observe the results&nbsp; delay(500);}

3D-NAND Gate Verification Circuit

Components: Two NPN transistors (e.g., 2N3904)One resistor (R) for current settingConnections: Connect R between Vcc and Q1's collector, with Q1's emitter to GND.Base of Q1 to Vcc (through a current limiter).Base of Q2 to Q1's collector, and Q2's emitter to GND.Functions: Replicates a stable output current (Iout) from a reference (Iref) set by Q1.Output current is load-independent.Provides electrical isolation and low power consumption.

Current Mirror Circuit

Components ListTwo NPN transistorsTwo resistors R1, R2A power supply Circuit ConnectionsBase Biasing: Connect R1 from Vcc to the base of the first transistor (Q1).Transistor Connection: Connect Q1's emitter to ground and its collector to the base of the second transistor (Q2).Output Configuration: Connect Q2's emitter through R2 to ground, providing the microcurrent output.Noise Filtering: Optionally, add a capacitor between Q1's base and emitter for noise reduction. FunctionalityThe circuit's primary function is to deliver a stable microcurrent from Q2's emitter. It operates on the principle of current mirroring and amplification using transistor current gain (β).

Microcurrent Source Circuit

Components:Three NPN transistorsOne resistor Circuit Setup:Reference Current: Connect resistor R between +Vcc and the base of transistor T1 to set the reference current.Emitter Follower: Connect the emitter of T1 to the base of T2, and the emitter of T2 to ground.Current Mirror: Connect the collector of T1 to the base of T2 to mirror the current.High Impedance Output: Connect the base of T3 to the collector of T2. The collector of T3 serves as the output, and its emitter goes to ground. In this circuit, T1 sets a reference current, which is mirrored to the base of T3 through T2. The collector of T3 acts as the output, providing a high output impedance current source. The emitter of T3 is grounded to ensure the stability of the current source.

High output impedance current source

Connect the Circuit:Connect the inductor, capactor, and a resistor Rin parallel.The resistor can be of any value and does not affect the resonant frequency but does affect the impedance and power loss in the circuit. Connect the AC Signal Source:Connect the AC signal source to the circuit. The frequency of the signal source should cover the resonant frequency to observe the resonance phenomenon.Then measure the Resonant Frequency.At the resonant frequency, the inductive reactance of the inductor and the capacitive reactance of the capacitor are equal

Parallel Resonant Circuit

Components Required:Inductor (L)Capacitor(C)Resistor (R) - Optional, used for energy dissipation or damping oscillationsSignal Source Circuit Connections:Connect the inductor and capacitor in series.If included, connect the resistor (R) in series with the inductor and capacitor.Connect the signal source (Vs) to one end of the circuit. This simple series resonant circuit can serve as a foundation for more complex circuit designs and is also suitable for educational and experimental purposes. Always follow safety precautions when designing and experimenting with circuits to avoid electrical shock or component damage.

Simple Series Resonant Circuit

The circuit consists of a 5V DC power source, a diode, a resistor, and connecting wires.Components:5V DC Power SourceDiode1kΩ ResistorWiresircuit Setup: The anode (positive terminal) of the diode is connected to the positive terminal of the 5V DC power source.The cathode (negative terminal) of the diode is connected to one end of the resistor.The other end of the resistor is connected to the negative terminal of the power source. Operation:When the circuit is powered on, the diode allows current to flow from the power source, through the diode, and into the resistor, lighting up an LED or performing work in the circuit. The diode's unidirectional conductivity ensures that current flows only from the anode to the cathode. If the power source were to be reversed, the diode would block the current, preventing damage to the circuit component

Simple Diode Circuit

Circuit Components:A 9V battery.A 200μF electrolytic capacitor:A 330Ω resistoA 100Ω resistor.A red LED.A yellow LED.A SPST switch Circuit Description:Assemble a charging circuit with a 9V battery, a 200μF capacitor, a 330Ω resistor for charging, a 100Ω resistor for LED current limiting, two LEDs (red and yellow) in series, and an SPST switch. Connect the battery's positive terminal to the 330Ω resistor, then to the capacitor. Attach the capacitor's other terminal to the negative terminal. Link the LEDs in series with the 100Ω resistor between them. The switch connects the LED series to the negative terminal. When the switch closes, the capacitor charges, and the LEDs light up. This circuit uses a switch to control the charging and discharging of the capacitor, with the brightness of the two LEDs indicating the state of charge of the capacitor.

Capacitor Charging Circuit

Materials:Arduino UNOHD44780 LCD DisplayWires Circuit connection:RS to Digital Pin 2RW to GNDE to Digital Pin 3D4-D7 to Digital Pins 4-7 This setup will display the elapsed time since the program started on the LCD. Note that this is not real-time clock time but rather the time the program has been running.

Timer based on UNO

Components:Arduino UNOHD44780 LCDLEDSPST Switch220Ω ResistorWires Setup:1.LED: LED: Connect the anode to pin 13 through a 220Ω resistor and the cathode to GND.2.Switch: Connect one terminal to pin 8 and the other to GND.LCD: RS,RW, E, D4-D7 to pins 7,GND, 6, and 5-2 respectively. FunctionalityThe LED toggles with the switch, and the LCD shows both states. ConclusionThis project is ideal for learning microcontroller programming and basic circuitry.

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