Optimize PCB assembly costs by minimizing board size, simplifying design, using standard components, and leveraging serial production while balancing cost and quality for competitive manufacturing.

Effective thermal conductivity is crucial in PCB design for heat management. It depends on factors like component size and thermal vias, aiding reliable, efficient electronic operation through modeling and analysis.

PCB recycling is vital to reduce environmental hazards and recover valuable materials, especially copper. Effective methods include mechanical, chemical, and thermal processes, significantly benefiting sustainability.